What are Cardiac troponins? Cardiac troponins are proteins found in cardiac (heart) muscle cells. They play a crucial role in regulating the contraction of the heart muscle. When heart muscle cells are damaged, such as during a heart attack or other cardiac injury, cardiac troponins are released into the bloodstream. Therefore, measuring the levels of cardiac troponins in the blood can help diagno...
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is commonly utilized for guiding diabetes management and diagnosis, as blood sampling can be done at any time of day, the levels are consistent, and the assays are standardized (Ford CN, Leet RW, Kipling LM, et al. , 2019). And it shows your average blood sugar level for the past 4 to 6 weeks. In general, the reference range for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in healthy individ...
What is Tumor Microenvironment (TME)? The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a constantly changing framework intricately linked with cancer cells, largely influenced by their presence. Distinctive traits of the TME include irregular blood vessels, hypoxia, acidic pH levels outside cells, modifications in the extracellular matrix, and stromal components like cancer-associated fibroblasts, macrophages,...
1. Understanding Thyroid Function A normal thyroid gland is important for the body's growth, behavior, and psychological and neurological development. The main function of the thyroid gland is to produce, store, and secrete thyroid hormones (TH), including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), and is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. TH has a role in regulating mood, brain ...
Cytokines are a type of small molecule proteins with broad biological activities that are synthesized and secreted by immune cells (such as monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK cells, etc.) and certain non-immune cells (endothelial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, etc.) upon stimulation. 1. Gram-negative (G-) and Gram-positive (G+) bacterial infections can be differentiated Cytokines ...
1. How can vitamin D deficiency impact overall well-being? ♣ Vitamin D deficiency rickets (nutritional rickets) Vitamin D deficiency during childhood can lead to rickets in children, causing growth delays and skeletal deformities. Essentially, Vitamin D deficiency rickets is a form of osteomalacia. The onset of this condition is gradual, often occurring in infants between the ages of 3 month...
♣ Vitamin B12, also known as adenosylcobalamin or cyanocobalamin, is an essential water-soluble vitamin. It plays a key role in the body, including maintaining the normal function of the nervous system, promoting the production of red blood cells, and supporting DNA synthesis. The main difference between active B12 and B12 lies in their chemical forms and bioavailability. 1. Chemical form: B...
1. The necessity of developing cytokines in the Department of Hematology In the treatment of some diseases, such as bloodstream infection, hemophagocytic syndrome (HLH), leukemia, sepsis, etc., the inflammatory response status of patients is mostly detected, so cytokine detection plays an important role in the selection, adjustment and prognosis evaluation of treatment regimens. ⇔Hemophagocyt...